polluter pays principle 污染者付费原则

指污染环境的产业应当为此支付费用的原则。此项费用可以税收、许可费等形式收取。

污染者付费原则是指一切向环境排放污染物的个人与组织，应当依照一定的标准缴纳一定的费用，以补偿其污染行为造成的损失。付费将促使污染者采取措施控制污染，或使政府等管理部门获得相应的收入以治理污染。

污染者付费原则是1972年由经济合作与发展组织（OECD）在其通过的一项决议中提出的。这项决议规定，禁止各成员国对该国就企业污染防治工作所采取的措施予以资金上的补助，要求排污者（即污染者）负担由政府部门决定的减少污染措施的费用，以保证环境处于一种可被接受的状态。由于OECD成员国基本上是发达国家，因此使得污染者付费原则很快成为国家参与国际贸易的一项规则而被国际社会广泛接受，成为各国制定环境政策的指南和环境法的一项基本原则。

In environmental law, the polluter pays principle is enacted to make the party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment. It is regarded as a regional custom because of the strong support it has received in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union countries. It is a fundamental principle in US environmental law. 以下为相关例句，可供参考：

例句1

The polluter pays principle underpins environmental policy such as an ecotax, which, if enacted by government, deters and essentially reduces greenhouse gas emissions. This principle is based on the fact that as much as pollution is unavoidable, the person or industry that is responsible for the pollution must pay some money for the rehabilitation of the polluted environment.

污染者付费原则是生态税等环境政策的基础，如果由政府颁布，将阻止并从根本上减少温室气体排放。这一原则是基于这样一个事实，即尽管污染是不可避免的，但造成污染的人或企业必须为恢复被污染的环境支付一定的费用。

例句2

The polluter pays principle is a simple principle based on common sense: the polluter — and this could be the actors or the activity causing the pollution — should pay to right the wrong. This could entail cleaning up the polluted area or covering the health costs of the people affected.

污染者付费原则是一个基于常识的简单原则：污染者——可能是造成污染的行为者或活动——应该为纠正错误付费。这可能需要清理污染区域或支付受影响人群的医疗费用。

例句3

The polluter pays principle thus helps establish a mechanism to reduce environmental degradation but does not determine who the polluter is. Unsurprisingly, few people or organizations step forward to claim the title of “the polluter.” This lack of clarity on who makes up the links of the chain of polluters is why the PPP has found its way into regulations of some countries, particularly in the European Union, but has not uniformly been incorporated into universal international agreements, which would require all countries enforce its rules.

因此，污染者付费原则有助于建立一个减少环境退化的机制，但并不决定谁是污染者。毫不奇怪，很少有人或组织站出来宣称自己是“污染者”。在谁构成污染者链的环节上缺乏明确性，这就是为什么污染者付费原则已被纳入一些国家的法规，特别是在欧盟，但尚未统一纳入普遍的国际协定，这将要求所有国家执行其规则。

例句4

The polluters pays principle is the commonly accepted practice that those who produce pollution should bear the costs of managing it to prevent damage to human health or the environment. For instance, a factory that produces a potentially poisonous substance as a byproduct of its activities is usually held responsible for its safe disposal.

污染者付费原则是普遍接受的做法，即产生污染者应承担管理污染的费用，以防止对人类健康或环境造成损害。例如，一家生产潜在有毒物质作为其活动副产品的工厂通常要对其安全处置负责。

相关知识拓展：

污染者付费原则是西方经济学家基于“外部理论”提出的。所谓外部性，是指在实际经济活动中，生产者或消费者的活动对其他消费者和生产者产生的超越活动主体范围的利害影响。其中，将有害的影响称为“外部不经济性（exteriority）”。若以费用论之，可以将外部不经济表述为“外部费用（externalcost）”。在环境污染现象里，这种外部费用就是环境费用。在自由的市场经济条件下，环境的无形价值经常被人们忽视，由于难以区分和界定环境（如大气质量）的所有权，因此不可能存在体现环境价值的市场，从而使市场这只“看不见的手”在环境利益上失灵。因环境的开放性导致工业企业将大量污染物排入环境中，使环境质量下降，从而影响到社涣憧一个体的生活。为了处理环境污染问题，传统的做法是由国家出资治理污染、由公民承担环境污染的危害，即由全体公民和社会来承担治理污染的费用，形成了“企业赚钱污染环境，政府出资治理环境”的极不公平的现象。为此，经济学家认为，要转变这种不公平的现象，就必须采取措施使这种治理环境的费用（外部费用）由生产者或消费者来承担，也即使外部费用内部化。具体做法就是企业应当为排污损害环境而付出一定的费用用以治理环境。

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